Anatomy and Physiology

Muscle Physiology Test

 

Due Monday and Tuesday October 31st and November 1st (at school) or email me by midnight October 30th (if you prefer).

 

The answers you provide for this exam will by your own.  Any similarities in written answers will be considered plagiarism.  BTW – copying directly from the book or cutting and pasting from the internet will also be considered plagiarism. 

 

If your answer is shorter than the question – it’s probably wrong. 

 

Multiple Choice Questions:

 

1.  Given the following events:

  1. acetylcholine broken down
  2. acetylcholine moves across the synaptic cleft
  3. action potential reaches the terminal branch (axon terminal) of a motor neuron
  4. acetylcholine combines with a receptor molecule on a skeletal muscle (postsynaptic terminal)
  5. action potential produced in skeletal muscle cell

 

Choose the arrangement that lists the events in the order they occur at a neuromuscular junction.

  1. 2, 3, 4, 1, 5
  2. 3, 2, 4, 5, 1,
  3. 3, 4, 2, 1, 5
  4. 4, 5, 2, 1, 3

 

2.  Given the following events:

  1. Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium
  2. sarcoplasmic reticulum takes up calcium
  3. calcium binds to protein complexes on actin myofilaments
  4. action potentials move down the T tubule
  5. cross bridges form and muscle contraction occurs

 

Choose the arrangement that lists the events in the order they occur following a single stimulus of a skeletal muscle.

  1. 1, 4, 3, 5
  2. 2, 4, 3, 5
  3. 4, 1, 3, 5
  4. 5, 4, 3, 2

 

 

3.  Skeletal muscles

  1. require energy in order to contract
  2. require energy in order to relax
  3. relax when calcium ions are transported into sarcoplasmic reticulum
  4. all of the above

 

4.  During the first few minutes of exercise, the exercising muscle uses different energy sources to produce the ATPs necessary for contraction. Given the following sources of ATP production:

  1. anaerobic respiration
  2. aerobic respiration
  3. breakdown of creatine phosphate

 

Choose the arrangement that lists the energy sources in the order they would be used.

  1. 1, 2, 3
  2. 1, 3, 2
  3. 2, 1, 3
  4. 2, 3, 1
  5. 3, 1, 2

 

5.  A weight-lifter attempts to lift a weight from the floor, but the weight is so heavy he is unable to move it. The type of muscle contraction the weight-lifter used was mostly

a. isometric

b. isotonic

c. notsometric

d. notsotonic

e. notsoeasy

 

  1.  The following questions use this wordbank: Calcium ions, Potassium ions, Sodium ions, I band, A band, acetylcholine, acetylcholinesterase, creatine phosphate, aerobic respiration, sarcomere.

 

·         Band containing both actin and myosin.

·         A reserve high energy compound used to convert ADP to ATP by transfer of a high energy phosphate group.

·         Stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum.

·         Destroys acetylcholine.

·         Neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction.

·         Contains only actin myofilaments

·         The actual “go” signal for muscle contraction.

·         The functional unit of the muscle.

 

 

 

 

 

Written Responses:

 

1.  When Eric returned from jogging, he was breathing heavily and sweating profusely, and he complained that his legs ached and felt weak. His wife poured him a sport drink and urged him to take it easy until he could “catch his breath.” On the basis of what you have learned about muscle energy metabolism respond to the following questions:

  1. Why is Eric breathing heavily?
  2. What ATP harvesting pathway have his working muscles been using the leads to such a breathing pattern?
  3. What metabolic product(s) might account for his sore muscles and his feeling of muscle weakness?

 

 

 

 

 

2.  Drugs are used to relax muscles during major surgery. Which of the two chemicals described next would make the best muscle relaxant and why? Chemical A binds and blocks acetylcholine receptors of muscle cells. Chemical B floods the cytoplasm of muscle cells with calcium ions.

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.  When a person dies, rigor mortis sets in as ATP synthesis ceases. Explain why the lack of ATP in muscle cells would cause the muscles to become rigid rather than limp soon after death.

 

 

 

 

 

 

4.  Gregor, who works at a pesticide factory, comes to the clinic complaining of muscle spasms that interfere with his movement and breathing. A blood test shows that he has been contaminated with organophosphate pesticide, which is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. How would you explain to Gregor what this means?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Case Study:

Prior to intubation for a surgical procedure, the anesthesiologist administered a single dose of the neuromuscular blocking agent, succinylcholine, to a 23-year-old female to provide muscular relaxation during surgery and to facilitate the insertion of the endotracheal tube. Following this, the inhalation anesthetic was administered and the surgical procedure completed.

1.      Define intubation.  What does endotracheal mean?

 

 

 

2.      Beginning with depolarization at the neuromuscular junction, describe the normal sequence of events which lead to muscle contraction.

 

 

 

3.      What prevents acetylcholine (Ach) from accumulating in the neuromuscular junction and causing a sustained contraction in a normal individual?

 

 

 

 

4.      Succinylcholine acts as a depolarizing agent that prevents repolarization of the nerve. Therefore, no further Ach is released until the drug is cleared. Name (and explain) another site within the neuromuscular junction that might be affected to prevent muscle contraction. (Hint: the drug “curare” acts by this mechanism.)